# StellarGraph Machine Learning Library¶

StellarGraph is a Python library for machine learning on graphs and networks.

## Introduction¶

The StellarGraph library offers state-of-the-art algorithms for graph machine learning, making it easy to discover patterns and answer questions about graph-structured data. It can solve many machine learning tasks:

Graph-structured data represent entities as nodes (or vertices) and relationships between them as edges (or links), and can data include data associated with either as attributes. For example, a graph can contain people as nodes and friendships between them as links, with data like a person’s age and the date a friendship was established. StellarGraph supports analysis of many kinds of graphs:

• homogeneous (with nodes and links of one type),
• heterogeneous (with more than one type of nodes and/or links)
• knowledge graphs (extreme heterogeneous graphs with thousands of types of edges)
• graphs with or without data associated with nodes
• graphs with edge weights

StellarGraph is built on TensorFlow 2 and its Keras high-level API, as well as Pandas and NumPy. It is thus user-friendly, modular and extensible. It interoperates smoothly with code that builds on these, such as the standard Keras layers and scikit-learn, so it is easy to augment the core graph machine learning algorithms provided by StellarGraph. It is thus also easy to install with pip or Anaconda.

## Getting Started¶

The numerous detailed and narrated examples are a good way to get started with StellarGraph. There is likely to be one that is similar to your data or your problem (if not, let us know).

You can start working with the examples immediately in Google Colab or Binder by clicking the and badges within each Jupyter notebook. You can also run them locally, after installing StellarGraph. One of the following might be appropriate:

• Using pip: pip install stellargraph[demos]
• Using conda: conda install -c stellargraph stellargraph

(See Installation section for more details and more options.)

## Getting Help¶

If you get stuck or have a problem, there’s many ways to make progress and get help or support:

## Example: GCN¶

One of the earliest deep machine learning algorithms for graphs is a Graph Convolution Network (GCN) [6]. The following example uses it for node classification: predicting the class from which a node comes. It shows how easy it is to apply using StellarGraph, and shows how StellarGraph integrates smoothly with Pandas and TensorFlow and libraries built on them.

### Data preparation¶

Data for StellarGraph can be prepared using common libraries like Pandas and scikit-learn.

import pandas as pd
from sklearn import model_selection

# your own code to load data into Pandas DataFrames, e.g. from CSV files or a database
...

# Use scikit-learn to compute training and test sets
train_targets, test_targets = model_selection.train_test_split(targets, train_size=0.5)


### Graph machine learning model¶

This is the only part that is specific to StellarGraph. The machine learning model consists of some graph convolution layers followed by a layer to compute the actual predictions as a TensorFlow tensor. StellarGraph makes it easy to construct all of these layers via the GCN model class. It also makes it easy to get input data in the right format via the StellarGraph graph data type and a data generator.

import stellargraph as sg
import tensorflow as tf

# convert the raw data into StellarGraph's graph format for faster operations
graph = sg.StellarGraph(nodes, edges)

generator = sg.mapper.FullBatchNodeGenerator(graph, method="gcn")

# two layers of GCN, each with hidden dimension 16
gcn = sg.layer.GCN(layer_sizes=[16, 16], generator=generator)
x_inp, x_out = gcn.in_out_tensors() # create the input and output TensorFlow tensors

# use TensorFlow Keras to add a layer to compute the (one-hot) predictions
predictions = tf.keras.layers.Dense(units=len(ground_truth_targets.columns), activation="softmax")(x_out)

# use the input and output tensors to create a TensorFlow Keras model
model = tf.keras.Model(inputs=x_inp, outputs=predictions)


### Training and evaluation¶

The model is a conventional TensorFlow Keras model, and so tasks such as training and evaluation can use the functions offered by Keras. StellarGraph’s data generators make it simple to construct the required Keras Sequences for input data.

# prepare the model for training with the Adam optimiser and an appropriate loss function

# train the model on the train set
model.fit(generator.flow(train_targets.index, train_targets), epochs=5)

# check model generalisation on the test set
(loss, accuracy) = model.evaluate(generator.flow(test_targets.index, test_targets))
print(f"Test set: loss = {loss}, accuracy = {accuracy}")


This algorithm is spelled out in more detail in its extended narrated notebook. We provide many more algorithms, each with a detailed example.

## Algorithms¶

The StellarGraph library currently includes the following algorithms for graph machine learning:

Algorithm Description
GraphSAGE [1] Supports supervised as well as unsupervised representation learning, node classification/regression, and link prediction for homogeneous networks. The current implementation supports multiple aggregation methods, including mean, maxpool, meanpool, and attentional aggregators.
HinSAGE Extension of GraphSAGE algorithm to heterogeneous networks. Supports representation learning, node classification/regression, and link prediction/regression for heterogeneous graphs. The current implementation supports mean aggregation of neighbour nodes, taking into account their types and the types of links between them.
attri2vec [4] Supports node representation learning, node classification, and out-of-sample node link prediction for homogeneous graphs with node attributes.
Graph ATtention Network (GAT) [5] The GAT algorithm supports representation learning and node classification for homogeneous graphs. There are versions of the graph attention layer that support both sparse and dense adjacency matrices.
Graph Convolutional Network (GCN) [6] The GCN algorithm supports representation learning and node classification for homogeneous graphs. There are versions of the graph convolutional layer that support both sparse and dense adjacency matrices.
Cluster Graph Convolutional Network (Cluster-GCN) [10] An extension of the GCN algorithm supporting representation learning and node classification for homogeneous graphs. Cluster-GCN scales to larger graphs and can be used to train deeper GCN models using Stochastic Gradient Descent.
Simplified Graph Convolutional network (SGC) [7] The SGC network algorithm supports representation learning and node classification for homogeneous graphs. It is an extension of the GCN algorithm that smooths the graph to bring in more distant neighbours of nodes without using multiple layers.
(Approximate) Personalized Propagation of Neural Predictions (PPNP/APPNP) [9] The (A)PPNP algorithm supports fast and scalable representation learning and node classification for attributed homogeneous graphs. In a semi-supervised setting, first a multilayer neural network is trained using the node attributes as input. The predictions from the latter network are then diffused across the graph using a method based on Personalized PageRank.
Node2Vec [2] The Node2Vec and Deepwalk algorithms perform unsupervised representation learning for homogeneous networks, taking into account network structure while ignoring node attributes. The node2vec algorithm is implemented by combining StellarGraph's random walk generator with the word2vec algorithm from Gensim. Learned node representations can be used in downstream machine learning models implemented using Scikit-learn, Keras, Tensorflow or any other Python machine learning library.
Metapath2Vec [3] The metapath2vec algorithm performs unsupervised, metapath-guided representation learning for heterogeneous networks, taking into account network structure while ignoring node attributes. The implementation combines StellarGraph's metapath-guided random walk generator and Gensim word2vec algorithm. As with node2vec, the learned node representations (node embeddings) can be used in downstream machine learning models to solve tasks such as node classification, link prediction, etc, for heterogeneous networks.
Relational Graph Convolutional Network [11] The RGCN algorithm performs semi-supervised learning for node representation and node classification on knowledge graphs. RGCN extends GCN to directed graphs with multiple edge types and works with both sparse and dense adjacency matrices.
ComplEx[12] The ComplEx algorithm computes embeddings for nodes (entities) and edge types (relations) in knowledge graphs, and can use these for link prediction
GraphWave [13] GraphWave calculates unsupervised structural embeddings via wavelet diffusion through the graph.
Supervised Graph Classification A model for supervised graph classification based on GCN [6] layers and mean pooling readout.
Watch Your Step [14] The Watch Your Step algorithm computes node embeddings by using adjacency powers to simulate expected random walks.
Deep Graph Infomax [15] Deep Graph Infomax trains unsupervised GNNs to maximize the shared information between node level and graph level features.
Continuous-Time Dynamic Network Embeddings (CTDNE) [16] Supports time-respecting random walks which can be used in a similar way as in Node2Vec for unsupervised representation learning.
DistMult [17] The DistMult algorithm computes embeddings for nodes (entities) and edge types (relations) in knowledge graphs, and can use these for link prediction

## Installation¶

StellarGraph is a Python 3 library and we recommend using Python version 3.6. The required Python version can be downloaded and installed from python.org. Alternatively, use the Anaconda Python environment, available from anaconda.com.

The StellarGraph library can be installed from PyPI, from Anaconda Cloud, or directly from GitHub, as described below.

### Install StellarGraph using PyPI:¶

To install StellarGraph library from PyPI using pip, execute the following command:

pip install stellargraph


Some of the examples in the demos directory require installing additional dependencies as well as stellargraph. To install these dependencies as well as StellarGraph using pip execute the following command:

pip install stellargraph[demos]


The community detection demos requires python-igraph which is only available on some platforms. To install this in addition to the other demo requirements:

pip install stellargraph[demos,igraph]


### Install StellarGraph in Anaconda Python:¶

The StellarGraph library is available an Anaconda Cloud and can be installed in Anaconda Python using the command line conda tool, execute the following command:

conda install -c stellargraph stellargraph


### Install StellarGraph from Github source:¶

First, clone the StellarGraph repository using git:

git clone https://github.com/stellargraph/stellargraph.git


Then, cd to the StellarGraph folder, and install the library by executing the following commands:

cd stellargraph
pip install .


Some of the examples in the demos directory require installing additional dependencies as well as stellargraph. To install these dependencies as well as StellarGraph using pip execute the following command:

pip install .[demos]


### Docker Image¶

Images can be pulled via docker pull stellargraph/stellargraph

## Citing¶

StellarGraph is designed, developed and supported by CSIRO’s Data61. If you use any part of this library in your research, please cite it using the following BibTex entry

@misc{StellarGraph,
author = {CSIRO's Data61},
title = {StellarGraph Machine Learning Library},
year = {2018},
publisher = {GitHub},
journal = {GitHub Repository},
howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/stellargraph/stellargraph}},
}


## References¶

1. Inductive Representation Learning on Large Graphs. W.L. Hamilton, R. Ying, and J. Leskovec. Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS), 2017. (link webpage)
2. Node2Vec: Scalable Feature Learning for Networks. A. Grover, J. Leskovec. ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 2016. (link)
3. Metapath2Vec: Scalable Representation Learning for Heterogeneous Networks. Yuxiao Dong, Nitesh V. Chawla, and Ananthram Swami. ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 135–144, 2017 (link)
4. Attributed Network Embedding via Subspace Discovery. D. Zhang, Y. Jie, X. Zhu and C. Zhang, arXiv:1901.04095, [cs.SI], 2019. (link)
5. Graph Attention Networks. P. Velickovic et al. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR) 2018 (link)
6. Graph Convolutional Networks (GCN): Semi-Supervised Classification with Graph Convolutional Networks. Thomas N. Kipf, Max Welling. International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR), 2017 (link)
7. Simplifying Graph Convolutional Networks. F. Wu, T. Zhang, A. H. de Souza, C. Fifty, T. Yu, and K. Q. Weinberger. International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), 2019. (link)
8. Adversarial Examples on Graph Data: Deep Insights into Attack and Defense. H. Wu, C. Wang, Y. Tyshetskiy, A. Docherty, K. Lu, and L. Zhu. IJCAI 2019. (link)
9. Predict then propagate: Graph neural networks meet personalized PageRank. J. Klicpera, A. Bojchevski, A., and S. Günnemann, ICLR, 2019, arXiv:1810.05997.(link)
10. Cluster-GCN: An Efficient Algorithm for Training Deep and Large Graph Convolutional Networks. W. Chiang, X. Liu, S. Si, Y. Li, S. Bengio, and C. Hsiej, KDD, 2019, arXiv:1905.07953.(link)
11. Modeling relational data with graph convolutional networks. M. Schlichtkrull, T. N. Kipf, P. Bloem, R. Van Den Berg, I. Titov, and M. Welling, European Semantic Web Conference (2018), arXiv:1609.02907 (link).
12. Complex Embeddings for Simple Link Prediction. T. Trouillon, J. Welbl, S. Riedel, É. Gaussier and G. Bouchard, ICML 2016. (link)
13. Learning Structural Node Embeddings via Diffusion Wavelets. C. Donnat, M. Zitnik, D. Hallac, and J. Leskovec, SIGKDD, 2018, arXiv:1710.10321 (link)
14. Watch Your Step: Learning Node Embeddings via Graph Attention. S. Abu-El-Haija, B. Perozzi, R. Al-Rfou and A. Alemi, NIPS, 2018. arxiv:1710.09599 (link)
15. Deep Graph Infomax. P. Velickovic, W. Fedus, W. L. Hamilton, P. Lio, Y. Bengio, R. D. Hjelm, ICLR, 2019, arxiv:1809.10341 (link).
16. Continuous-Time Dynamic Network Embeddings. Giang Hoang Nguyen, John Boaz Lee, Ryan A. Rossi, Nesreen K. Ahmed, Eunyee Koh, and Sungchul Kim. Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Learning Representations for Big Networks (WWW BigNet) 2018. (link)
17. Embedding Entities and Relations for Learning and Inference in Knowledge Bases. Bishan Yang, Wen-tau Yih, Xiaodong He, Jianfeng Gao, and Li Deng, ICLR, 2015. arXiv:1412.6575 (link)